Quiz #24

27 October 2011

S.I. Session 24 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Wednesday, October 26^th.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Complex Fluid Motions             b)Oceanic Lithosphere                  c)Tomography

d)Cretaceous Quiet Zone             e)Depth                                               f)Post Glacial Rebound

g)S Wave Tomography                  h)X-Rays                                              i)Seismic

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__This cools by conduction of internal heat into the oceans.

2)__This property of the seafloor is proportional to the square root of the age of the seafloor.

3)__After a large sheet of ice on a continent melts, the continental crust will rise due to the absence of overlying weight in this process.

4)__These waves bend as they encounter differences in rock types.

5) __ This refers to imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave.

6)__The tangled magnetic field lines inside the core reflect these, which take place on the order of millimeters per second.

7)__Throughout this period, the earth’s magnetic field did not flip for a long time.

8)__This process has been used to produce images of mantle convection.

9)__ These waves tend to pass straight through objects.

Part b) What are the 4 steps in post glacial rebound? (Labeled drawings are encouraged!):

Part c) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__S wave tomography uses X-Rays to obtain images of mantle convection.

2)__A warm region in the mantle is indicative of a sinking slab (like the Farallon plate).

3)__A warm region in the mantle is indicative of a rising mantle plume.

4)__The geomagnetic field is time varying due to convective motions taking place in the earth’s core.

5)__Paleomagnetic data shows no evidence of a reversal in the earth’s magnetic field throughout the last 30,000 years.

6)__The location of the geomagnetic north pole has changed since the year 1600.

7)__Rocks cooled after a fire are magnetized in the direction of the prevailing geomagnetic field.

8)__The earth is molten where the geotherm lies to the left of the melting curve.

9)__Putting a rock under pressure makes it less difficult to melt.

10)__ The earth’s solid interior is becoming larger as the earth cools and the deep geotherm moves to the left.

Quiz #23

25 October 2011

S.I. Session 23 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Monday, October 24^th.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Transition Zone             b)Air Guns                                          c)Liquids

d)S waves                           e)Molten                                             f)S Wave Shadow Zone

g)Melting Curve                               h)Geotherm(al Gradient)             i)P Wave Shadow Zone

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__This caused the discovery of the liquid outer core.

2)__These materials offer no resistance to shear forces.

3)__These seismic wave sources generate P waves which propagate into the seafloor.

4)__The mineralogy of the earth changes here (660 km beneath the earth’s surface) due to denser crystal structures.

5) __This caused the discovery earth’s core in 1906.

6)__When the geotherm lies to the right of the melting curve the material is _____.

7)__ the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior.

8)__The statistics plotted on this are based on laboratory measurements on expected mantle materials.

9)__These vanish in the outer core.

Part b) Use the simple labeling scheme to classify these waves:

1)      A core reflected S wave:

2)      A core refracted P wave:

3)      An inner Core P wave:

Part c) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__The P wave shadow zone is larger than the S wave shadow zone.

2)__The mineralogy changes in the transition zone are due to immense pressures.

3)__Seismic wavepaths curve up towards the surface as rocks become denser with increasing depth.

4)__The velocity of a wave depends on the type of material through which it passes.

5)__The P wave shadow zone is caused by waves refracting into the earth’s core.

6)__P wave velocities and densities decrease with depth.

7)__S waves can only propagate in fluids.

8)__The seismic waves from earthquakes have been used to study the earth’s interior.

Quiz #22

24 October 2011

S.I. Session 22 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Friday, October 21st.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Surface Waves              b)Hazard                                              c)P Waves

d)Ridges                              e)S Waves                                           f)Sound

g)Paleoseismology          h)Subduction Zones                       i)Tsunamis

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__Travel as a series of contractions and expansions, pushing and pulling particles in the direction of their path of travel.

2)__Push material at right angles to their path of travel.

3)__These waves are confined to the earth’s surface an outer layers, there are two types, sideways and elliptical rolling.

4)__The speed of seismic waves in solid rock is about 6 kilometers per second, which is about 20 times the speed of this.

5) __These can be generated by megathrust ruptures, submarine landslides, or volcanic eruptions.

6)__This is a measure of ground shaking that can be expected during an earthquake.

7)__The study of long term earthquake recurrence times.

8)__Shallow earthquakes tend to begin here.

9)__Deeper earthquakes tend to begin here.

Part b) Explain the motion of particles in P, S, and the two different types of surface waves:

Part c) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__Primary and Secondary waves travel on the earth’s surface.

2)__A tsunami is usually only several centimeters high in the deep ocean but can become many meters high close to shore.

3)__Earthquakes have occurred in America’s Mississippi river valley.

4)__The calculation of the location of an earthquakes origin is done by the triangulation of three seismographic records, similar to the technique GPS satellites use to pinpoint locations.

5)__ The P wave is the first wave that strikes after an earthquake.

6)__Earthquakes can be predicted.

7)__Seismic waves radiate from an earthquake zone.

8)__P, S, and Seismic waves all travel at the same speeds and reach the seismographs simultaneously.

Quiz #21

19 October 2011

S.I. Session 21 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Wednesday, October 19^th.

Important figures from this lecture are on p.338-343.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Seismograph                  b)Seismograms                 c)Elastic

d)Bedrock                           e)Foreshocks                     f)Aftershocks

g) Recurrence Interval   h)Fault Slip                          i)Earthquakes

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__The distance that an earthquake displaces ground.

2)__In order to record the earth’s movement, the seismograph is attached to this.

3)__These detect and record earthquake ground motions.

4)__The time between the build-up and release of elastic energy at faults, proposed in the elastic rebound theory.

5) __ Seismographs produce these.

6)__These occurs when rocks under stress suddenly fail along a geologic fault.

7)__When a material has this property, then after removing stress from the material it returns to its original shape.

8)__&__ These are smaller earthquakes that precede and follow a large earthquake.

Part b) Name the three factors that cause irregularities in the earthquake cycle:

Part c) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__Earthquakes can be predicted.

2)__Rocks under stress deform elastically and then rebound when an earthquake occurs.

3)__Earthquakes occur when rock strength exceeds stress.

Quiz #20

17 October 2011

S.I. Session 20 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Friday, October 14^th.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Lahar                                 b)Stratovolcano                                c)Fumarole

d)Volcanic Dome              e)Diatreme                         f)Caldera

g)Landslide                         h)Shield                               i)Continental Flood Basalts

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__Debris Avalanche.

2)__Each layer in this type of eruptive style represents many hundreds of flows of basaltic lava.

3)__Mud or debris flow.

4)__In this eruptive style viscous felsic lavas pile up over the vent, which may eventually lead to the explosion of the volcano.

5) __In this eruptive style, the central vent is filled with lava from the previous eruption and lava that has solidified in fissures forms radiating dikes that strengthen the cone.

6)__This eruptive style comes about after an empty magma chamber collapses, leaving a large, steep-walled basin.

7)__ Breccia-filled volcanic pipe that was formed by a gaseous explosion.

8)__Huge outpourings of basaltic lavas, continental fissure eruptions resulting in ~100km thick layers of about ~500km width.

9)__ An opening in the crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emits steam and gases.

Part a) Match the volcano to its eruptive style:

Eruptive Style:

a)Volcanic Dome                              b)Shield Volcano              c) Cinder Cone

d)Stratovolcano                                                e)Caldera           

                Volcano:

1)__Crater Lake, Oregon.

2)__Mt. St. Helens.

3)__Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

4)__Cerro Negro, Nicaragua.

5)__Mount Fuji, Japan.

Part c) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__Fissures are similar to dikes.

2)__Gas charged magma explodes.

3)__In  a shield volcano, lava can erupt from the sides of the volcano as well as the central vent.

4)__No one has ever seen a diatreme form.

5)__Nicaragua is on a subduction zone.

6)__A dome has been growing in the center of Mt. St. Helens since its eruption in 1980.

Page Numbers

Hey guys, quizzes 11 through 20 will be covered on exam 2. Exam 2 will be on Monday, October 17th. I wish you guys the best of luck. Here are some important page numbers that have pictures discussed in class on them:

Page 169 Strike and Dip
Page 170 Anticline/Syncline
Page 172 Brittle Failure
Page 174 Faults
Page 175 Folds
Page 176 Anticline/Syncline
Page 178 Anticline Trap
Page 180 Joint
Page 182 Tensional Tectonics
Page 183 Compressive Tectonics
Page 196-197 Unconformities
Page 203-205 Half Life/Radioactive Decay
Page 209 Sequence Stratigraphy
Page 218-219 Solar System
Page 220 The Formation of the Moon
Page 221 Gravitational Differentiation
Page 222 Volcano Discharge
Page 228 Venus Convection
Page 229 Olympus Mons on Mars
Page 246 North American Structure
Page 251 Subduction of the Farallon Plate
Page 256 Continental Accretion
Page 265 Geologic Time Scale
Page 276 Ecosystems
Page 281 Biogeochemical Cycle
Page 306 Anatomy of a Volcano
Page 308 School Bus, Aa, and Pahoehoe
Page 309 Pillow Basalts

Best Regards,

Garrett

Quiz #19

13 October 2011

S.I. Session 19 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Wednesday, October 12^th.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Andesite                          b)Magma Chamber                         c)Pahoehoe

d)Rhyolite                           e)Basalt                                                                f)Lava

g)Rhyolitic                           h)Basaltic                                             i)Aa

x)Obsidian                          y)Pyroclast                                          z)Pillow Basalts

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__This part of a volcano is typically only 10’s of meters beneath the earth’s surface.

2)__This type of magma produces relatively gentle eruptions, the lava is fast moving and has a low viscosity.

3)__This is an igneous rock of felsic composition. It is high in Si, K, and Na. It is low in Fe and Mg.

4)__This is a tongue of basaltic lava that quickly develops a tough plastic skin on contact with cold ocean water.

5) __This is the term for magma that has erupted and is flowing on the surface of the earth.

6)__This basaltic flow texture is rough, the lava has a high gas content.

7)__This basaltic flow is smooth and has a ropy texture.

8)__This is an igneous rock that is mafic in composition. High in Fe, Mg, Na. Low in Si.

9)__These lava flows are extremely slow moving. The lava is very viscous.

10) __This rock has a glassy texture from cooling rapidly.

11) __ This is an igneous rock of intermediate composition found in subduction zones.

12) __Clastic rock formed primarily of volcanic material.

Part b) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__High eruption temperatures are typically around 600 to 800 degrees Celsius.

2)__The eruptions in Hawaii are basaltic.

3)__Andesitic lava flows are sluggish, this can lead to the plugging of the central vent and an explosion.

4)__Krakatoa is an example of a rhyolitic lava flow.

5)__Yellowstone is an example of a phreatic eruption.

6)__In phreatic eruptions, hot, gas rich magma reaches cold seawater, releasing superheated steam.

7)__Vesicular rhyolite can float on water.

8)__Mt. St. Helens is an example of an andesitic eruption.

9)__The lower the magmas gas content, the more explosive the eruption.

10)__Magma is less buoyant than surrounding rocks and tends to pool at the bottom of rock formations like synclines.

Quiz #18

11 October 2011

S.I. Session 18 Quiz

This quiz covers material from the lecture on Monday, October 10^th.

Part a) Match the term to its definition:

                TERMS:

a)Biosphere                       b)Ecosystems                    c)Hallucigenia

d)Extremophiles              e)Photosynthesis            f)Stromatolites

g)Cyanobacteria               h)Trilobites                         i)Banded Iron Formations

                DEFINITIONS:

1)__Microbial mats, evidence for early microbial activity.

2)__The part of the earth’s system that contains all living organisms.

3)__A metabolic process in which sunlight, water, and carbon-dioxide from the environment are converted into carbohydrates.

4)__Flux of energy and matter between organisms and the environment.

5) __The rise of Oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere eventually led to the formation of these, which are red and present in some parts of the geologic record.

6)__These organisms thrive in very salty or very hot environments or environments high in methane or lacking oxygen.

7)__These organisms are among the first to perform photosynthesis and are responsible for oxidizing the abundant iron dissolved in the oceans.

8)__&__These are fossils associated with the abrupt Cambrian radiation of species.

Part b) Explain how stromatolites are formed:

Part c) True or False:

                Mark T (true) or F (false) in the blank provided:

                                1)__Plants appear before animals in the geologic record.

2)__Single celled microorganisms are relatively homogeneous in terms of genetic diversity.

3)__Ecosystems are insensitive to meteorite impacts, large volcanic eruptions, and rapid global warming.

4)__Carbon Dioxide is a by-product of photosynthesis.

5)__An example of direct biomineralization is the formation of tiny particles of magnetite inside some bacteria.

6)__ An example of direct biomineralization is calcium carbonate precipitating on the surface of microorganisms.

7)__A biogeochemical cycle involves an element moving between the biosphere and the geosphere.

8)__The hemisphere is the part of the earth system that contains all living organisms.